毕业论文谋篇 第1篇
论文最好能建立在平日比较注意探索的问题的基础上，写论文主要是反映学生对问题的思考， 详细内容请看下文硕士生毕业论文。
现代智库是国家治理体系的重要组成部分，也是国家软实力的重要体现，是政府决策体制的外脑和科学决策的重要环节。近年来，多次对智库建设做出重要批示，其中特别对“中国特色新型智库”做出重要批示。加强新型智库建设还写进了_的报告，去年还专门提出《关于加强中国特色新型智库建设的意见》。江西省委省政府高度重视、积极探索江西新型智库特色转型的组织结构和管理方式。江西的发展正处于经济持续增长的转型期与全面深化改革的攻坚期，智库的发展正迎来史上最好的机遇，但是江西新型智库特色转型还是处于摸着石头过河的阶段，其中面临的困难和问题还很多，笔者撰写此文旨在抛砖引玉以引起学术界对江西新型智库特色转型建设的关注和思考。
(1)新型智库的基本特征
在分析新型智库的内涵定义之前，我们首先了解一些智库的一般含义。目前学术界还没有形成对智库的统一、规范和权威的定义。美国著名智库兰德公司的创始人弗兰克・科尔博莫指出，智库是思想工厂，敢于提出挑战目前权威和超越目前智慧的战略思想，这是一个追求独立的、无拘无束和异想天开的战略思想机构和头脑风暴中心[1]。美国知名智库专家詹姆斯・麦甘的智库定义是参与公共政策研究分析的机构，智库能就国内和国际问题产生政策导向[2]。新型智库就是以法律或制度的形式将智库纳入公共决策体系之中。新型智库具有政策分析、解读和评估等功能，按照新型管理体制运行新型智库，新型智库必须坚持开放和国际化转型[3]。武汉大学教授顾海良指出，新型智库必须尽显思想的力量，构建中国学派、彰显中国意识、突出中国话语权，形成中国方案[4]。笔者赞同李国强归纳出新型智库的基本特征：坚持中国_领导，坚持中国特色社会主义制度;旨在为各级党委政府提供有效适用的决策服务;政府智库因为与决策层接近，尽显体制的优越性;新型智库应该发挥民间智库的作用，政府智库、高校智库与民间智库必须合法有序地发展[3]。
(2)江西新型智库特色转型的主要特征
江西新型智库的特色转型是个新生事物，目前江西的政府部门和学术界还没有形成统一的认识和规范的标准。江西省各家智库都在积极摸索智库发展的新模式。所谓“江西新型智库特色转型”就是要以调查研究江西的经济发展和社会实践为基础，突出解决江西出现的热点难点问题，形成江西特色风格的公共政策机构，从而建立起符合江西地域特色、解决江西问题现象、开拓秀美江西道路的新型智库。江西省副省长朱虹指出江西省新型智库要以决策咨询为重点，按照“资政启民、研判趋势、推动改革、促进发展”的基本思路，为江西经济社会科学发展提供高质量的智力支持[5]。江西新型智库特色转型的主要特征就是：首先，江西新型智库必须要坚持中国_的领导、体现社会主义制度，必须为江西省建成全面小康社会的艰巨任务遇到的重大战略性问题提供强有力地智力支持。其次，江西特色新型智库必须要维护江西省老百姓的根本利益，新型智库不仅为各级党委政府的决策服务，还需要为江西省的经济社会发展和基层一线服务。再次，江西智库必须坚持智库的独立性和客观性，同时具备国际视野和战略思维，搭建国际交流合作的平台，为江西企业走向世界提供业务咨询和建议方案，同时新型智库必须肩负培养高端政策咨询人员的重任。
(3)江西新型智库特色转型的组织形式现状
智库的组织形式一般由智库的人员编制、资金来源，资金构成、智库内部的分工协作与外部的社会经济联系构成。江西特色新型智库必须和江西的生产力发展水平相适应，是研究公共政策的专业机构，主要职能是为各级党委政府及企业等提供高质量的思想产品和决策咨询。近些年来，江西增加了一些智库，但江西智库的发展还是比较滞后，政府智库和高校智库还存在比较浓厚的行政依赖性，民间智库的发展还存在数据获取困难和经费来源欠缺等弊端。由于江西特殊的治理机制、江西文化传统、各地不同发展速度等原因，江西形成了以政府智库为主的智库发展模式。江西必须加快政府智库人员编制、经费管理、组织机构等方面的改革进程，尽快推行政府智库去行政化改革。鼓励不同智库模式公平竞争。江西可以拿出一些智库进行试点，借鉴国际经济交流中心这种非官方组织的组织形式，这种智库的组织形式没有行政级别、不靠政府和国家的财政支撑，可以以公司形式成立，但必须采取非营利性的组织形式。新型智库的资金来源可以尝试多元化渠道，除了政府资助，还可以通过课题招标获得经费、企业团体资助、和个人捐赠等，还可考虑智库自身创新收入来源。
(4)江西新型智库特色转型的战略定位现状
成功的智库的战略必须要保持一定的连贯性和长期性，同时战略必须根据时代的发展和环境的变化与时俱进。建立江西特色新型智库是在新的历史条件下智库服务党和政府科学决策的迫切需要。“十二五”时期江西省面临着千载难逢的重大历史性机遇。鄱阳湖生态经济区建设和赣南等原中央苏区振兴发展这两大国家战略，赋予了江西新的历史重任。建立江西特色新型智库是在新的历史条件下智库破解江西省经济社会发展难题的迫切需要。江西已经站在一个新的起点，正处在加速发展的爬坡过坎期，如果不加速推进，与全国同步建成全面小康之前的冲刺中就有可能抛在后面[6]。这就迫切要求江西智库迅速转型，摆脱传统智库的束缚，激发起新型智库的生机和活力，加大力度解决当前发展中的突出问题。这些为江西智库转型奠定了改革创新的坚实基础，新的体制机制、新的研究方法、新的管理方式会使江西智库的战略变得更为有效。因此，江西特色新型智库的战略定位是以马克思主义理论为指导，坚持中国_的领导，坚持中国特色社会主义制度，以具有江西特色和区域发展优势的科学理论和科学决策为基础，以研究江西省的重大的战略问题、政策问题和现实问题为核心，以决策的前瞻性与创新研究为目标，以服务江西省委省政府决策与经济社会发展为任务，构建起“江西学派”、凸显“江西意识”，创建“江西话语”和彰显“江西方案”的新型的公共政策机构。
毕业论文谋篇 第2篇
1、论文题目：要求准确、简练、醒目、新颖。
2、目录：目录是论文中主要段落的简表。
3、提要：是文章主要内容的摘录，要求短、精、完整。字数少可几十字，多不超过三百字为宜。
4、关键词或主题词：关键词是从论文的题名、提要和正文中选取出来的，是对表述论文的中心内容有实质意义的词汇。关键词是用作机系统标引论文内容特征的词语，便于信息系统汇集，以供读者检索。每篇论文一般选取3-8个词汇作为关键词，另起一行，排在“提要”的左下方。
主题词是经过规范化的词，在确定主题词时，要对论文进行主题，依照标引和组配规则转换成主题词表中的规范词语。
5、论文正文：
〈2)论文正文：正文是论文的主体，正文应包括论点、论据、论证过程和结论。主体部分包括以下内容：
a、提出-论点;
b、分析问题-论据和论证;
c、解决问题-论证与步骤;
d、结论。
6、一篇论文的参考文献是将论文在和写作中可参考或引证的主要文献资料，列于论文的末尾。
论文提纲也可以用最简单的格式和分类，简单明了地说明论文的目的、依据和意义，甚至是两句话。这种提纲往往是用于科学论文，而且在对于各种概念有相互联系而不是孤立的出来讨论的`情况下。如果总要分出1、2、3点来写的话，往往会变成“八股文”的模式，这样的论文往往是应付式的论文，其真正的科学价值会大打折扣。
毕业论文谋篇 第3篇
一、引言………………………………………………………………………1
(一)研究的缘起………………………………………………………………1
(二)本文的研究思路、方法及意义…………………………………………3
(三)相关概念界定……………………………………………………………4
二、研究综述…………………………………………………………………5
(一)校长领导行为的研究综述………………………………………………5
(二)关于变革型领导的研究综述……………………………………………7
本文导航 1、首页2、毕业论文提纲范例-2
三、调查工具与实施………………………………………………………9
(一)研究对象…………………………………………………………………9
(二)调查工具…………………………………………………………………9
(三)调查步骤……………………………………………………………… 10
(四)数据统计……………………………………………………………… 13
四、结果与讨论…………………………………………………………… 15
(一)统计结果……………………………………………………………… 15
(二)分析与讨论…………………………………………………………… 18
(三)研究结论……………………………………………………………… 20
五、对策与建议…………………………………………………………… 23
(一)校长为学校的长远发展实施愿景领导……………………………… 23
(二)校长通过给教师授权，以正确发挥和使用自身权力……………… 24
(三)校长通过转变组织职能，加强对教师的激励和关怀……………… 26
(四)不断完善校长任职和培训要求，促进校长素质发展……………… 27
六、结语………………………………………………………………………31
参考文献………………………………………………………………………32
附录…………………………………………………………………………… 33
注：页首三号黑体字居中打印“目录”两字，两字之间空四格。空一行后打印标题及对应的页码。一级标题用黑体四号字，二级标题用小四号宋体字，均为单倍行距。目录内容最好在一页，页下无需注明页码。
毕业论文谋篇 第4篇
一、引言
重要性是会计、审计理论与实务中的一个基础概念和基本原则， 在会计和审计中有着十分广泛的运用，以及重要性原则在实际工作中的应用。
二、重要性原则的内涵
(一) 重要性的判定
(二) 对重要性原则的进一步分析
1. 运用重要性原则是“成本效益原则” 的要求。
2. 运用重要性原则， 有利于把握住问题的实质， 抓住关键点。
3. 运用重要性原则需合理运用会计职业判断。
三、成本会计信息的成本构成及效益构成
(一)成本会计信息的成本构成
1、处理和提供成本会计信息的成本。
2、传递成本会计信息的成本。
3、诉讼成本。
4、竞争和谈判劣势。
5、管理和业绩评价的机会成本。
6、其他成本。
(二)、成本会计信息的效益构成
(1)降低成本。
(2)增加企业的利润。
(3)为企业战略提供支持。
以上成本会计信息的成本与效益分析的启示如下：
第一，随着社会经济的发展，无论是企业的外部信息需求者还是企业的管理当局对成本会计信息的需求加强。
第二、成本会计信息的成本与效益大部分是难以计量的。
第三、成本会计信息是一个动态的、相对的.概念
第三、重要性原则在成本会计中的运用分析
重要性原则在成本会计中的运用较为普遍， 主要体现在以下几个方面：
(一) 账户设置
(二) 辅助生产费用的分配
1. 直接分配法符合重要性原则。
2. 计划成本分配法按重要性原则可以简化核算。
3. 顺序分配法，充分体现出了重要性原则的思想。
(三) 生产费用在完工产品和在产品之间的分配
1. 不计算在产品成本法。
2. 在产品按所消耗原材料费用计价法。
3. 在产品按年初固定成本计价法。
4. 在产品按完工产品成本计算。
5. 定额成本法计算在产品成本
(四) 联产品和副产品成本的计算
(五) 制造费用计划分配率分配法
(六) 固定资产后续支出的核算
四、结束语
毕业论文谋篇 第5篇
2. 优：论文选题符合专业培养目标，能够达到综合训练目标，题目有较高难度，工作量大。选题具有较高的学术研究(参考价值(较大的实践指导意义。该生查阅文献资料能力强，能全面收集关于考试系统的资料，写作过程中能综合运用考试系统知识，全面分析考试系统问题毕业论文，综合运用知识能力强。文章篇幅完全符合学院规定，内容完整，层次结构安排科学，主要观点突出，逻辑关系清楚，有一定的个人见解。文题完全相符，论点突出，论述紧扣主题。语言表达流畅，格式完全符合规范要求;参考了丰富的文献资料，其时效性较强;没有抄袭现象。
3. 论文选题缺乏新意，论证不够充分，具体例证较少，老生常谈的内容偏多，引用他人观点的比例偏大。英语表达基本达意，但存在较多的语法错误。论文格式基本符合要求。
4. 选题不适当;观点不正确;语法错误过多;抄袭现象严重;论文格式不符合规范要求;没有按时间要求完成论文。
7. 语言表达一般，格式完全符合规范要求;参考了一定的文献资料，其时效性一般;未见明显抄袭现象。
8. 论文选题符合专业培养目标，基本能够达到综合训练目标，题目难度较小，工作量不大。论文选题一般。
9. 该生查阅文献资料能力较差，不能全面收集关于考试系统的资料，写作过程中综合运用考试系统知识，全面分析考试系统问题的能力较差强。文章篇幅符合学院规定，内容不够完整，层次结构安排存在一定问题，主要观点不够突出，逻辑性较差，没有个人见解。文题有偏差，论点不够突出，论述不能紧紧围绕主题。
10. 语言表达较差，格式符合规范要求;占有资料较少，其时效性较差;有部分内容与他人成果雷同
毕业论文谋篇 第6篇
论环境保护与贸易发展的关系
一、当前的形式
我国现阶段的环保及经济发展所存在的问题
1. 高污染，高能耗的经济发展模式所带来的弊端
2. 给经济发展带来的影响：以更高的代价去修复环境问题
二、原因
三、对策：可持续发展战略
一)可持续发展战略的提出
二)环保与可持续发展战略
三)可持续发展战略与贸易经济的关系
以实例论证
一)“限塑令”的实施对环境保护产生了什么样的影响
二)“限塑令”带来了什么样的产业发展及其经济效益如何
三)限塑令是适应了可持续发展战略的
四·环保与经济发展并存
一)怎样做到既发展经济又保护了环境呢?
二)所取得的成效如何?
三)在次证实了二者并存
毕业论文谋篇 第7篇
硕士生英语毕业论文提纲样本
英语论文提纲-英语硕士毕业论文提纲
Title: Analysis and Case Study of the risk management of Chinese State-owned Enterprises -- Non-financial enterprises view
Related Module: The author will choose the risk management strategy, operational management and corporate strategy modules.
Abstract:
Risk management is one kind of new management subject. Because theories of risk management are based on the United States commercial companies at the beginning; big gaps of cultures in east and west world as well as the huge differences between China’s state-owned companies background and commercial companies’, there are lots of differences between Chinese risk management, especially the state-owned companies, and western developed countries companies’ risk management. There are increasing number of researches regarding the risk management, however, only few researches is about the differences of the risks management in China and in other countries. These differences have already impacted the Chinese firms’ management and the risk management performances, such as risk identification and forecast.
This dissertation will discuss the differences of risk management in China’s state-owned enterprises and foreign companies first of all. Moreover, the author will try to explore the reasons of these differences and how these differences effect the Chinese national-owned companies’ operations and risk management performances. After that, the author will compare the differences of risk management process. Finally, the author will summary the China’s state-owned companies special features and try to provide some suggestions of amending the risk management tools in the state-owned companies. This dissertation will choose the China Aviation Oil (Singapore) corporation Ltd as the case of China state- owned company.
Section 1: the importance of the research topic(这个不要) and research background
Risk management is one kind of new management tools and conceptions in China, especially in China’s state-owned companies. The risk management entered into（不要） China just around 15 years ago (Xiaobo Wu, ). Like other management theories, totally copying the western developed countries’ risk management theories and experience does not work in China, particularly in some state-owned companies. Because the different cultures and special business circumstances as well as state-owned company’s special backgrounds, the risk management theories have to be amended according toChinese actual situations. In some state-owned companies, bankrupt just started from around 20 years ago and the state-owned companies never bankrupt at all before, because people believed the bankrupt only belonged to capitalist society. Moreover, the China’s state-owned enterprises received the orders from the government and sell the products to special target customers before 1980s. Any lost would be filled by the Chinese central government. While, the risk management researches, usually, are based on the firms, which develop in the competition business circumstances. Therefore, identifying the differences of the business environments, including macro and micro economics, seems to be very important for the risk management effectively using in China’s state-owned companies. Only clearly know the differences of the risk management, we can amend the risk management skills to suit Chinese actual business world. When we clearly know the differences of business environments in China and other developed countries, we can summary the Chinese risk management features.
Moreover, there are limited risk management researches in relation to China’s state-owned enterprises. Most of these limited research focused on the internal financial management or audit. The author prepares to compare the differences based on strategy level and fill this gap. At present, lots of Chinese state-owned firms hope to use the Chinese risk management system to control their risks, no matter on operational risks, politica
l risks or other risks. Many firms are still in risk management conception introduction stage. They wish to have effective risk management tools with low costs. From the research, the author will summary how the state-owned enterprises managers use the risk management tools to forecast and control the risks.
The author can use the risk management course knowledge to evaluate the current Chinese business environments and the advantages and weaknesses of the current risk management process and tools in state-owned enterprises. In addition, the author can use the marketing and strategy knowledge to analyze the Chinese risk management. Culture and social environment are the main sources to form these differences.
Section 2: research and dissertation aims
This dissertation’s goal is to find out the differences of the business environments of risk management between China’s state-owned companies and other developed countries’ firms and summary how Chinese national-owned companies’ managers forecast and control these risks by the amended risk management theories and tools.
In order to achieve this aim, the author has the following objectives.
Aim one: identify the China’s state-owned firms’ special business environment and background as well as some culture differences
Aim two: identify the Chinese state-owned firms’ successful risk management experience and some theories weaknesses which need to be amended
Aim three: summary the successful experience of China’s state-owned enterprises’ risk management and the amended risk management tools.
Section 3: Literature review
Corporate Strategy and Risk Management, which compile by The Chinese Institute of Certified Public Accountants, described the general risk management conceptions in China and some state-owned companies(概念重复吧！？). This book shows me the risks management general knowledge and some differences between Chinese risk management and foreign risk management. This book also introduces some knowledge in relation to the COSO intern-control framework. However, this book does not pay attention to the using of the kind of theories in practice, especially the risk management in China’s state-owned firms.
Coso report：Framework, which compiled by Committee of Sponsoring Organization of the Treadway Commission (COSO) is one of my major source of the risk management theory. This report describes the whole internal control theories and some conceptions. In order to control the internal risks effectively, there must be five supporting factors; Control environment, Risk assessment, Control Activities, information and Communication and Monitoring. This book assisted me with more internal control knowledge and stimulate my interesting to explore the Chinese internal controlling management. But, this report is just the principle of the risk management. How we can connect the risk management principles with the practice, particularly state-owned enterprise risk management seem to be discussed by the author.
Risk Management Can international journal was edited by Denis Smith, Dominic Elliott and Alan Irwin. This book gave me a general framework on how to analyze the Chinese risk management environment and the risk management differences among different countries. Moreover, some of the new risk management points in the state-owned firms gave me a lot of helps to understanding(去掉) the dissertation topic.
Corporate Risk Management, (Tong Merna and Faisal -Thani) showed me the risk management from corporate aspect. At the beginning, the risk management research focused on finance and insurance industries. There are some books using the finance and insurance industries experiences and research results to describe the corporate risk management, which lack of workableness for the companies. However, this book disclose the internal risk forecast, assessment, planning, monitoring and controlling aspects of the corporate risk management. It is also describe the risk management in corporate level
, strategic business level and project levels. This book stimulates my interesting in exploring Chinese national-owned companies risk management.
Here is a chinese book, called Thirty Years of China Business, gave me lots of assistance. This book showed me the Chinese state-owned companies reforming and development history after 1970s, including state-owned companies’ development history. The author used ty///picpanies and their managers in some special years to describe their successful experiences and their failure reasons. Because there is no special China’s state-owned enterprises development history books in China, the author will adopt some of this books points in the dissertation. In addition, the author will also summary some typical China’s state-owned companies’ common features in risk management.
Except the books mentioned above, a number of studies have attempted to provide a clear picture of risk management. For instance, Gleason; wiliams and smith()focus on the facts and process of risk management. JerryMiccolis,RobertSchneier();JerryMiccolis,SamirShah(2000);Doherty(2000)study this issue from the aspect of risk management intergration. Belk and Glaum(1990); Mellor and Wan(1993); Switzer and Tang(); Ali Fatemi(2000)provide profound insights into the practice of risk management within the coporate sector. Yet, none have expain risk management differences between Chinese stated-owned enterprises and deveolped countries’ companies.
Section 4: Methodology
General speaking, the author will use my (什么意思啊！？加上own) research method----combine history research, statistics and data research and theory study together.
a)Secondary resources
1)Official reports and statistical data from the companies and outside of the companies
Because of the different owners of the data and different statistics approaches, I decide to use information and resources from inside of the companies and outside of them. Inside of the companies, that means data from companies, such as company annual report. Outside of the company, that means the data or reports from other worldwide organization or other countries’ statistics data, such as from IMF, WTO, OECD or other magazines’ reports.
2)Books and other research results
The author will use official magazines’ reports and some relevant books research results. Other scholars and people’s research results are also very important for my research. The author will mainly focus on English books and journals’ research results; However, because the author decided to use the China Aviation oil (Singapore) corporation Ltd as the case of Chinese national owned company, the author may use some Chinese reports or books’ researching results or data.
b)Research the typical historical events
The author will mention some mile-stone events in Chinese national-owned company’s development history and risk management in Chinese history, because the Chinese government play a critical role in Chinese national-owned companies’ development. These events also show us the importance of the Chinese government and the political risks.
c)Theory studies
The author will focus on some theories studies both on risk management and strategy management theories. I may use Geert Hofested’s five factors, such as Power distance, individualism, long term Orientation and Masculinity, to evaluate the difference of cultures between Chinese culture and American cultures in order to find the critical factors to influence the risk attitude.
Section 5: Detailed plan of research.
The author will use the following three approaches to obtain the relevant information.
First of all, the author will search for the relevant information from Internet. Although the Internet is academicals resources, the author can obtain some general ideas and other peoples’ comments regarding the risk management in state-owned firms. After all, the author has no working experience in the stated-ow
ned companies, especially in the risk management department. The internet can provide some general knowledge regarding the risk management and other relevant information in the state-owned companies, especially the China aviation Oil (Singapore) company.
Secondly, the author will read and adopt some ideas from some books and e-journals（去掉e-）. They are the main resources of this dissertation. Based on other scholars’ research results, the author can summary their points’ merits and weaknesses and build the author’s own theory. All the other people’s points and their ideas will be referred by the author in the dissertation.(会那么全面吗？建议去掉all) The author will obtain this kind of resources via the university library. However, some e-data（去掉e-） still need to be paid.
Finally , after searching the relevant information and data,the auther will start to write the dissertation. This dissertation will contain five parts: introduction, literature review, relevant theories analysis of risk management, case study of China aviation Oil (Singapore) company and conclusion.
The dissertation timetable:
Stage one: the author will collect information, including reviewing the dissertation structures and the theories. This stage will be finished in the middle of July.
Stage two: the author will start to write the dissertation and plan to finish the introduction, literature review and Chapter one. The totally words will be around 4000 words. This work will be finished at the beginning of August.
Stage three: the author will finish the first draft and send it to the professor to review it. This stage will be finish at the end of August. The author will amend the dissertation, after receiving the feedbacks from the tutor.
Stage four: the author will finish the whole dissertation and other relevant documents. Before the deadline, the author will double check the dissertation English（为何加一个english,不知道什么意思，删掉） and structures and then, print it and submit it.
Time line:
Figure 1 Dissertation time line
Section 6: Short statement on ethical considerations
First of all, during the research, the author will not discuss which culture is better or the managers’ personalities, although the managers personalities may influence the enterprises’ risk management. Moreover, the author will do （去掉）not discuss any political issues, especially evaluate the government behaviours.
Reference:
Xiaobo Wu, (2008), Thirty years of China business, page 178,China CITIC press, 2008
